万古霉素说明书
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第四篇
万古霉素最新指南要点分析和临床知识点延伸
作者
Jingyi Wang, PharmD, University of Cincinnati, College of Pharmacy
Yutong Yang, PharmD candidate, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy
Christine Dai, PharmD candidate, University of Washington, School of Pharmacy
Tracy Zhang, PharmD candidate, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy
审核
Zhen Zhang, PharmD, BCPS, RPCCC
翻译
王 钰 联勤保障部队第九九一医院
赵甡慧 内蒙古自治区人民医院
第一篇链接:
The new vancomycin guideline and elaborating pearls — Part I
万古霉素最新指南要点分析和临床知识点延伸 — 第一篇
第二篇链接:
The new vancomycin guideline and elaborating pearls — Part II
万古霉素最新指南要点分析和临床知识点延伸 — 第二篇
第三篇链接:
The new vancomycin guideline and elaborating pearls — Part III
万古霉素最新指南要点分析和临床知识点延伸 — 第三篇
第四篇英文原文:
The new vancomycin guideline and elaborating pearls — Part IV
06
连续输液 vs. 间歇输液
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万古霉素连续输液(CI)可以替代间歇输液(II),因为CI可在更短时间内达到目标血清浓度,让血清浓度更稳定,更容易进行药物浓度监测,而AKI的风险更低。
两种输液方法的比较研究在2种不同的人群中进行:第一是ICU里危重感染的成年患者;第二种是门诊因骨及关节感染接受抗菌药物治疗(OPTA)的成年患者。
比较两种输注方式的研究多数比较了两种方法的AKI风险和万古霉素目标血清浓度,然而只有4项研究对比了治疗失败和死亡率。
两种输注方式组在测量参数方面存在差异,比如CI组采用稳态浓度,而II组采用谷浓度。
ICU 病人
在一项研究中,比较了万古霉素CI或者II治疗严重烧伤患者的死亡率。CI组患者的肾毒性发生率较低(6.7% v.s. 14.8%,p=0.13)。然而,然而当万古霉素治疗非革兰氏阳性菌引起的败血症时,CI组死亡率较高(70% v.s. 16.7%,p=0.001)。这可能由疾病治疗方案的差异引起,而与给药方式无关联 [14]。
一项研究表明,更多的CI组患者在治疗期间至少有一次可以达到了万古霉素的目标浓度 (63.2% vs 44.9%) [15]。
另一项研究发现,当使用AKIN标准来衡量肾毒性时,CI组的肾毒性发生的几率较低,但发生率仍然较高 (未使用AKIN标准时风险为 4-16% vs 11-19%;使用AKIN标准时风险为 26-28% vs 35-37%) [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]。
OPAT 的病人
在一项比较安全性的研究中,CI组肾毒性的发生较少且发病较晚(P=0.036) [20]。
CI 的剂量考虑
万古霉素连续输液的优点:
?可快速达到目标浓度是ICU患者的理想选择 [16]。
?更容易计算AUC和监测稳态浓度。
?理论上,静脉输液的频率越低,因此导管引起的并发症越少。
但问题和缺点:
?CI的PK/PD目标值尚未得到验证。
?使用与万古霉素不能配伍的药物时,需要多条通路/独立通路 [21,22]。
Clinical Pearls
负荷剂量
负荷剂量的计算:
负荷剂量 = Cp x Vd/F [23]
Cp = 目标血浆浓度
F = 生物利用度,F = IV给药为1
?指南建议根据实际体重使用20-35mg/kg的负荷剂量
?一次给药达到特定血浆药物浓度水平所需的剂量
?负荷剂量取决于患者的Vd
负荷剂量一般用于危重病人或通过CI接受万古霉素的病人:
?药物必须稀释,并保证每克需要至少60分钟进行缓慢输液(≥1h/1000mg)
?维持剂量应在下一个剂量间隔开始
?通常根据实际体重计算负荷剂量,并将剂量控制在3000毫克以内,但这并不总是最好的方法
07
特殊人群
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肥胖超重患者
?肥胖指体重指数 BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2
?基于实际体重计算负荷剂量:20-25 mg/kg,最大剂量为3000 mg。
? 万古霉素Vd与实际体重呈非线性关系。与正常体重患者相比,肥胖患者的平体重指数Vd要低得多。因此建议对肥胖患者使用较低的mg/kg负荷剂量。
?万古霉素Vd与实际体重呈非线性关系
?初始维持剂量:
? 肥胖可能与万古霉素引起肾毒性风险的增加相关,因为使用实际体重计算的维持剂量会导致过度治疗性暴露。
? Cockcroft-Gault 公式是估算正常体重患者肌酐清除率的常用方法,但在肥胖患者中应用该公式仍存在争议。
一个针对肥胖患者的群体药代动力学研究提出了另外一个公式,根据年龄、性别、Scr和校正后的体重来估算万古霉素清除率(CLv),该公式被指南推荐用于估算每日总维持剂量 [24]。
? 具体公式如下 [24]:
CLV?=?9.656???0.078?×?AGE???2.009?×?SCR?+?1.09?×?SEX?+?0.04?×?TBW^0.75
AGE = 年龄
SCR = 血清肌酐浓度(mg/dL)
SEX = 1 男 0 女
TBW = 总体重(kg)
? AUC = (万古霉素日总剂量)/ CLv
例如: AUC = 500 mg*h/L, CLv = 6 L/h, 每日万古霉素总剂量 = 500 mg*h/L *6 L/h = 3000 mg/day
? 经验性万古霉素维持剂量通常不超过4500 mg/d
?与正常体重患者一样,肥胖患者的剂量调整和监测以临床效果、肾功能和血清谷浓度来评估。建议对AUC进行早期频繁的监测,以进行剂量调整,特别是当经验性剂量超过4,000 mg/d时。
未完待续
References
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